Today Genetics is central to much of modern biology, it deals with heredity and variation in all organisms, Genetic knowledge is crucial to modern biotechnology and the improvement of existing strains and the development of new ones from test tubes to agricultural fields and industry as the role of genetics in modern life. This course consists of units covering the main branches of general genetics. The first part deals with classical Mendelian genetics and the non-Mendelian Genetics exemplified by lethal gene, gene interaction and multiple alleles, and quantitative and population genetics as well as crossing over and recombination. The third part deals with the cytological bases of inheritance and cytogenetics including chromosomes and their role in the transmission of genes and traits through generations and c chromosomal changes and their role in plant evolution, These are the foundations for the molecular aspects of genetics that constitute a major part of the course that covers the identification of DNA as the substance of genes, and the basic functions of DND which include semiconservative replication, and gene expression, as demonstrated by the transformation of genetic information from DNA to protein, and gene mutation. The course also covers recent topics of genetics cytoplasmic inheritance, epigenetics, gene editing, and genome changes by mobile genetics elements known as transposons
